by virtue of
/baɪ ˈvɜː.tʃuː ɒv/
Meaning
This prepositional phrase means 'because of,' 'by reason of,' or 'on the basis of' some specific quality, power, or authority. It is highly formal and is used in academic, legal, or official contexts to establish a direct logical consequence or right. The tone is objective, authoritative, and intellectual.
Examples
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She was granted access to the archives by virtue of her position as chief historian.
She was granted access to the archives by virtue of her position as chief historian.
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By virtue of its unique molecular structure, this material is incredibly heat-resistant.
By virtue of its unique molecular structure, this material is incredibly heat-resistant.
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The court ruled that the contract was invalid by virtue of the original signatory's minor status.
The court ruled that the contract was invalid by virtue of the original signatory's minor status.
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They claim ownership of the land by virtue of historical occupation spanning three centuries.
They claim ownership of the land by virtue of historical occupation spanning three centuries.
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By virtue of being the oldest institution, the university receives the largest share of funding.
By virtue of being the oldest institution, the university receives the largest share of funding.
Common Mistakes
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✗ He got the job by virtual of his extensive experience.
✓ He got the job by virtue of his extensive experience.
'Virtue' is the noun required here; 'virtual' is an adjective with a completely different meaning.
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✗ By virtue to her hard work, she passed the exam.
✓ By virtue of her hard work, she passed the exam.
The phrase must always be followed by the preposition 'of', never 'to' or 'with'.
Related Expressions
Practice
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___ its geographic isolation, the island developed a highly unique ecosystem.
💡 Because of / due to its isolation.
Show answer
By virtue of
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He was entitled to a pension ___ his thirty years of public service.
💡 On the basis of.
Show answer
by virtue of